Mean and standard deviation of percentage Ca2+ released from chick brain tissue slices. See: Albert, E.N., Slaby, F., Roche, J. and Loftus, J.: Effect of amplitude-modulated 147 MHz radiofrequency radiation on calcium ion efflux from avian brain tissue, Radiat. Res. 109:19–27, 1987. The authors concluded that the EMF had no effect, but this was not true as assessed on the basis of the L test (L = 28.371, P < 0.0005). The overall effect was due almost equally to an effect of the EMF on variance (L = 14.314) and the mean (L = 14.057).
| Experiment Number |
Percentage Ca2+ Released from Tissue Slices in Test Chamber |
Percentage Ca2+ Released from Tissue Slices in Control Chamber |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 24.8 ± 3.1 | 23.0 ± 3.0 |
| 2 | 15.4 ± 2.5 | 17.4 ± 4.7 |
| 3 | 34.6 ± 2.1 | 32.2 ± 4.9 |
| 4 | 45.6 ± 3.8 | 40.1 ± 0.7 |
| 5 | 38.3 ± 5.2 | 40.7 ± 8.7 |
| 6 | 26.4 ± 3.3 | 28.3 ± 4.8 |
| 7 | 24.1 ± 2.9 | 27.5 ± 2.1 |
| P < 0.0005, L test | ||
Studies that reported a positive effect of EMFs on Ca++ include:
- Bawin, S.M. and Adey, W.R.: Sensitivity of calcium binding in cerebral tissue to weak environmental electric fields oscillating at low frequency, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 73:1999–2003, 1976;
- Bawin, S.M., Adey, W.R. and Sabbot, I.M.: Ionic factors in release of 45Ca++ from chick cerebral tissue by electromagnetic fields, Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 75:6314–6318, 1978;
- Blackman, D.F., Elder, J.A., Weil, C.M., Benane, S.G., Eichinger, D.C. and House, D.E.: Induction of calcium ion efflux from brian tissue by radio-frequency radiation: Effects of modulation frequency and field strength, Radio Sci. 14(6S):93–98, 1979;
- Adey, W.R.: Frequency and power windowing in tissue interactions with weak electromagnetic fields, Proc. IEEE 68:119–125, 1980;
- Blackman, C.F., Benane, S.H., Elder, J.A., House, D.E., Lampe, J.A. and Faulk, J.M.: Induction of calcium ion efflux from brain tissue by radiofrequency radiation: Effect of sample number and modulation frequency on the power-density window, Bioelectromagnetics 1:35–43, 1980;
- Blackman, C.F., Benane, S.G., Joines, W.T., Hollis, M.A. and House, D.E.: Calcium ion efflux from brain tissue: Power density versus internal field intensity dependencies at 50 MHz RF radiation, Bioelectromagnetics 1:277–283, 1980.