We reported that powerline EMFs affected the growth rate of mice (see A.A. Marino, R.O. Becker and B. Ullrich: The effect of continuous exposure to low frequency electric fields on three generations of mice: a pilot study, Experientia 32: 565, 1976; also A.A. Marino, M. Reichmanis, R.O. Becker, B. Ullrich and J.M. Cullen: Power frequency electric field induces biological changes in successive generations of mice, Experientia 36: 309–311, 1980). Investigators at Battelle Pacific Northwest Laboratories received a contract to perform similar studies (see Phillips, R.D., Anderson, L.B. and Kaune, W.T.: Biological Effects of High-strength Electric Fields on Small Laboratory Animals, DOE/TIC-10084, Richland, WA: Pacific Northwest Laboratories, 1979).

We reported that powerline electric fields retarded fracture healing (see A.A. Marino, J.M. Cullen, M. Reichmanis and R.O. Becker: Fracture healing in rats exposed to extremely low frequency electric fields, Clin. Orthop. 145:239–244, 1979; see also A.A. Marino and R.O. Becker.: Biological effects of extremely low frequency electric and magnetic fields: A review, Physiol. Chem. Phys. 9:131–147, 19). Again, investigators at Battelle received a contract to perform similar studies (see B.J. McClanahan and R.D. Phillips: The influence of electric field exposure on bone growth and fracture repair in rats, Bioelectromagnetics 411–419, 1993).